1. Objectives of Paint Analysis:

Identify original and significant historical paint layers and finishes Determine composition, color, texture, and techniques used Establish the chronological sequence of decorative campaigns Guide architects, contractors, preservationists, and property owners in accurate restoration planning Support grant applications, historic tax credits, and compliance with preservation standards

2. Sampling and Site Investigation:

The process begins with a systematic site survey to select representative sampling locations throughout the building or interior space. Visual Inspection: Analysts identify likely original areas, often behind moldings, trim, or fixtures where finishes may be best preserved. Sample Extraction: Tiny samples (1–3 mm) are removed with scalpels, dental tools, or micro-chisels. Each sample is numbered and mapped with precise location data. Protected Collection: Samples are stored carefully in labeled containers for transport to the lab. Documentation begins immediately, with photographs, notes, and diagrams marking the exact sample locations on architectural drawings or room elevations.

3. Laboratory Analysis

Microscopic Examination Samples are embedded in resin and polished to reveal a cross-section of all paint layers. Using high-powered optical and ultraviolet microscopes, analysts examine the stratigraphy of each layer—color, thickness, surface texture, and materials. UV light can reveal organic materials, clear glazes, and binding mediums not visible under normal light. Chemical Testing and Material Identification Pigment Analysis: Traditional and modern pigments (e.g., lead white, Prussian blue, titanium white) are identified through chemical reactivity and microscopy.Binder Analysis: Solubility tests or spectroscopy may determine whether layers used oil, casein, protein-based tempera, or later synthetic mediums. Dating Materials: The presence of certain materials can help establish a timeline. For instance, titanium dioxide was not used before the 1920s, helping to separate historic from modern interventions. Color Reconstruction using microscopic matching and standardized color systems (Munsell, NCS), the original paint colors are reconstructed and cataloged into custom color charts.

4. Comprehensive Documentation:

A vital part of paint analysis is the thorough and accessible documentation of findings, which becomes a working reference for all stakeholders involved in restoration. Photographic Records: Includes sample locations, close-ups, microscope images of paint layers, and color reconstructions. Annotated Architectural Drawings and Maps: Show sample sites and color schemes by room or architectural feature. Color Charts: Recreated historic palettes are matched to commercial equivalents or custom mixes.Archival Research Integration: Historic photographs, documents, and architectural plans are often cross-referenced to validate physical findings. Written Report: A formal report includes methodology, findings, materials analysis, interpretations, and restoration recommendations.